Build with Naz : Rust error handling with miette

• Rust error handling primer
• More resources on Rust error handling
• YouTube video for this article
• Examples of Rust error handling with miette
  • Example 1: Simple miette usage
  • Example 2: Complex miette usage
  • Parting thoughts
• Build with Naz video series on developerlife.com YouTube channel

Rust error handling primer #

Rust has a powerful error handling system that is based on the Result and Option types. For this tutorial we will focus on the Result type, which is an enum that has two variants: Ok and Err. The Ok variant is used to represent a successful result, while the Err variant is used to represent an error.

The Error trait in Rust has to be implemented for types that can be used as errors. The Error trait has a method called source that returns a reference to the underlying cause of the error. This trait has two supertraits: Debug and Display. The Debug trait is used to format the error for debugging purposes (for the operator), while the Display trait is used to format the error for displaying to the user.

The ? operator can be used in order to propagate errors up the call stack. This operator is used to unwrap the Result type and provide the inner value of the Ok variant. Otherwise it returns from the function with the error, if it is the Err variant. This operator can only be used in functions that return a Result type. Here’s an example:

/// Fails and produces output:
/// ```text
/// Error: ParseIntError { kind: InvalidDigit }
/// ```
#[test]
fn test() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    fn return_error_result() -> Result<u32, std::num::ParseIntError> {
        "1.2".parse::<u32>()
    }

    fn run() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
        // It is as if the `?` is turned into the following code.
        // let result = match result {
        //     Ok(value) => value,
        //     Err(err) => return Err(Box::new(err)),
        // }
        let result = return_error_result()?;

        // The following lines will never be executed, since the previous
        // line will return from the function with an error.
        println!("Result: {}", result);
        Ok(())
    }

    run()?;

    Ok(())
}

In the rest of the tutorial (and accompanying video), we will build upon this knowledge and introduce miette, a crate that can make error handling in Rust powerful, flexible, and easy to use. We will also learn more about the thiserror crate, which can be used to easily create custom error types in Rust.

More resources on Rust error handling #

• thiserror crate.
• miette crate.
• Error trait.
• Result enum.

YouTube video for this article #

This blog post has short examples on how to use miette to enhance Rust error handling. If you like to learn via video, please watch the companion video on the developerlife.com YouTube channel.

Examples of Rust error handling with miette #

Let’s create some examples to illustrate how to use miette to enhance Rust error handling. You can run cargo new --lib error-miette to create a new library crate.

The code in the video and this tutorial are all in this GitHub repo.

Then add the following to the Cargo.toml file that’s generated. These pull in all the dependencies that we need for these examples.

[package]
name = "error-miette"
version = "0.1.0"
edition = "2021"

[dependencies]

# Pretty terminal output.
crossterm = "0.27.0"

# Error handling.
thiserror = "1.0.61"
miette = { version = "7.2.0", features = ["fancy"] }
pretty_assertions = "1.4.0"

Example 1: Simple miette usage #

Then you can add the following code to the src/lib.rs file. You can note the following things in the code:

• We define a custom error type called UnderlyingDatabaseError using the thiserror crate.
• We define a function called return_error_result that returns a Result<u32, std::num::ParseIntError>.
• We write a test called test_into_diagnostic that demonstrates how to use miette to add context to errors and display them in a user-friendly way. The test also demonstrates how to use the wrap_err and context methods to add context to errors. And how they are displayed in the error report (in the inverse order in which they were added).
• We also demonstrate how to use the into_diagnostic method to convert a Result into a miette::Result.

#[cfg(test)]
pub mod simple_miette_usage {
    use crossterm::style::Stylize;
    use miette::{Context, IntoDiagnostic};

    #[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
    pub enum UnderlyingDatabaseError {
        #[error("database corrupted")]
        DatabaseCorrupted,
    }

    fn return_error_result() -> Result<u32, std::num::ParseIntError> {
        "1.2".parse::<u32>()
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_into_diagnostic() -> miette::Result<()> {
        let error_result: Result<u32, std::num::ParseIntError> =
            return_error_result();
        assert!(error_result.is_err());

        // The following line will return from this test.
        // let it: u32 = error_result.into_diagnostic()?;

        let new_miette_result: miette::Result<u32> = error_result
            .into_diagnostic()
            .context("🍍 foo bar baz")
            .wrap_err(miette::miette!("custom string error"))
            .wrap_err(std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound)
            .wrap_err(UnderlyingDatabaseError::DatabaseCorrupted)
            .wrap_err("🎃 this is additional context about the failure");

        assert!(new_miette_result.is_err());

        println!(
            "{}:\n{:?}\n",
            "debug output".blue().bold(),
            new_miette_result
        );

        if let Err(ref miette_report) = new_miette_result {
            println!(
                "{}:\n{:?}\n",
                "miette report".red().bold(),
                miette_report.to_string()
            );

            let mut iter = miette_report.chain();

            // First.
            pretty_assertions::assert_eq!(
                iter.next().unwrap().to_string(),
                "🎃 this is additional context about the failure"
                    .to_string()
            );

            // Second.
            pretty_assertions::assert_eq!(
                iter.next().unwrap().to_string(),
                "database corrupted".to_string()
            );

            // Third.
            pretty_assertions::assert_eq!(
                iter.next().unwrap().to_string(),
                "entity not found".to_string()
            );

            // Fourth.
            pretty_assertions::assert_eq!(
                iter.next().unwrap().to_string(),
                "custom string error".to_string()
            );

            // Fifth.
            pretty_assertions::assert_eq!(
                iter.next().unwrap().to_string(),
                "🍍 foo bar baz".to_string()
            );

            // Final.
            pretty_assertions::assert_eq!(
                iter.next().unwrap().to_string(),
                "invalid digit found in string".to_string()
            );
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_convert_report_into_error() ->
        std::result::Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
        let miette_result: miette::Result<u32> =
            return_error_result()
                .into_diagnostic()
                .wrap_err(miette::Report::msg(
                    "wrapper for the source parse int error",
                ));

        // let converted_result: Result<u32, Box<dyn Error>> =
        //     miette_result.map_err(|report| report.into());

        let converted_result:
            std::result::Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> =
            match miette_result {
                Ok(_) => Ok(()),
                Err(miette_report) => {
                    let boxed_error: Box<dyn std::error::Error> =
                        miette_report.into();
                    Err(boxed_error)
                }
            };

        println!(
            "{}:\n{:?}\n",
            "debug output".blue().bold(),
            converted_result
        );

        assert!(converted_result.is_err());

        Ok(())
    }
}

Example 2: Complex miette usage #

Next, we will add the following code to the src/lib.rs file. You can note the following things in the code:

• We define a custom error type called KvStoreError using the thiserror crate.
• We define two variants for the KvStoreError enum: CouldNotCreateDbFolder and CouldNotGetOrCreateEnvOrOpenStore. The latter variant has a field called source that is of type UnderlyingDatabaseError, which is defined in the previous example.
• We define two functions called return_flat_err and return_nested_err that return miette::Result<(), KvStoreError>.
• We write two tests called fails_with_flat_err and fails_with_nested_err that demonstrate how to use miette to add context to errors and display them in a user-friendly way. The tests also demonstrate how to use the from attribute to convert an error of one type into an error of another type.
• We also demonstrate how to use the #[diagnostic] attribute to add a code and help URL to the error type.
• We also demonstrate how to use the #[from] attribute to convert an error of one type into an error of another type.
• We also demonstrate how to use the #[error] attribute to add a custom error message to the error type.

#[cfg(test)]
pub mod complex_miette_usage {
    use std::error::Error;

    use crate::simple_miette_usage::UnderlyingDatabaseError;
    use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;

    #[derive(thiserror::Error, Debug, miette::Diagnostic)]
    pub enum KvStoreError {
        #[diagnostic(
            code(MyErrorCode::FileSystemError),
            help("https://docs.rs/rkv/latest/rkv/enum.StoreError.html"),
            // url(docsrs) /* Works if this code was on crates.io / docs.rs */
        )]
        #[error("📂 Could not create db folder: '{db_folder_path}' on disk")]
        CouldNotCreateDbFolder { db_folder_path: String },

        #[diagnostic(
            code(MyErrorCode::StoreCreateOrAccessError),
            help("https://docs.rs/rkv/latest/rkv/enum.StoreError.html"),
            // url(docsrs) /* Works if this code was on crates.io / docs.rs */
        )]
        #[error("💾 Could not get or create environment, or open store")]
        CouldNotGetOrCreateEnvOrOpenStore {
            #[from]
            source: UnderlyingDatabaseError,
        },
    }

    fn return_flat_err() -> miette::Result<(), KvStoreError> {
        Result::Err(KvStoreError::CouldNotCreateDbFolder {
            db_folder_path: "some/path/to/db".to_string(),
        })
    }

    /// This test will not run! It will fail and demonstrate the default
    /// [report handler](miette::ReportHandler) of the `miette` crate.
    #[test]
    fn fails_with_flat_err() -> miette::Result<()> {
        let result = return_flat_err();

        if let Err(error) = &result {
            assert_eq!(
                format!("{:?}", error),
                "CouldNotCreateDbFolder { db_folder_path: \"some/path/to/db\" }"
            );
        }

        result?;

        Ok(())
    }

    fn return_nested_err() -> miette::Result<(), KvStoreError> {
        // Variant 1 - Very verbose.
        let store_error = UnderlyingDatabaseError::DatabaseCorrupted;
        let rkv_error = KvStoreError::from(store_error);
        Result::Err(rkv_error)

        // Variant 2.
        // Result::Err(KvStoreError::CouldNotGetOrCreateEnvOrOpenStore {
        //     source: UnderlyingDatabaseError::DatabaseCorrupted,
        // })
    }

    /// This test will not run! It will fail and demonstrate the default
    /// [report handler](miette::ReportHandler) of the `miette` crate.
    #[test]
    fn fails_with_nested_err() -> miette::Result<()> {
        let result = return_nested_err();

        if let Err(error) = &result {
            assert_eq!(
                format!("{:?}", error),
                "CouldNotGetOrCreateEnvOrOpenStore { source: DatabaseCorrupted }"
            );
        }

        result?;

        Ok(())
    }
}

Parting thoughts #

For more sophisticated error handling examples, please check out the following links:

• terminal_async.rs in r3bl_terminal_async crate.
• kv.rs in tcp-api-server crate.
• Custom global report handler for miette in tcp-api-server crate.

Build with Naz video series on developerlife.com YouTube channel #

You can watch a video series on building this crate with Naz on the developerlife.com YouTube channel.

• YT channel
• Playlists
  • Build with Naz, fundamental effective Rust
  • Build with Naz, effective async Rust and tokio
  • Build with Naz, async readline and spinner for CLI in Rust
  • Build with Naz, testing in Rust

#cli #rust #server

👀 Watch Rust 🦀 live coding videos on our YouTube Channel.



📦 Install our useful Rust command line apps using cargo install r3bl-cmdr (they are from the r3bl-open-core project):

• 🐱giti: run interactive git commands with confidence in your terminal
• 🦜edi: edit Markdown with style in your terminal

giti in action

edi in action

Related Posts

• Build with Naz : Markdown parser in Rust and nom from r3bl_tui
• Build with Naz : Rust typestate pattern
• Build with Naz : Linux io_uring and tokio-uring exploration with Rust
• Build with Naz : Rust async, non-blocking, concurrent, parallel, event loops, cancellation safety
• Build with Naz : tokio tracing & OTel and how to use it in Rust
• Build with Naz : Rust Polymorphism, dyn, impl, using existing traits, trait objects for testing and extensibility
• Build with Naz : Build interactive and non blocking CLI apps with ease in Rust using r3bl_terminal_async
• Write a simple netcat client and server in Rust
• Write a simple TCP chat server in Rust
• How to overcome your fear of git merge conflicts
• tuify your clap CLI apps and make them more interactive
• Use just to manage project specific commands
• Build with Naz : Comprehensive guide to nom parsing
• Create a simple DSL for CSS like syntax for TUIs
• Write a Redux library in Rust
• Write code using async/await in Rust
• Build a grep CLI app in Rust
• Build a non-binary tree that is thread safe using Rust
• Reference handbook for using Ink v3.2.0 components (w/ React, Node.js and TypeScript)
• Advanced guide to Ink v3.2.0 (w/ React, Node.js and TypeScript)
• Introduction to Ink v3.2.0 (w/ React, Node.js and TypeScript)
• Guide to Rust procedural macros
• Node.js (v16.3.0) Handbook using TypeScript (v4.3.4)
• Experimenting w/ Fibers in Project Loom preview
• Creating asynchronous servlets with Tomcat 7 (Servlet 3.0 API)
• Using JSON for mobile object exchange
• Geocoding tutorial - Accessing Google Static Maps from Java
• What is XML? An introduction
• Advanced Threads
• XML and Java Tutorial, Part 1