Introduction #

This tutorial is part of a collection tutorials on basic data structures and algorithms that are created using Kotlin. This project is useful if you are trying to get more fluency in Kotlin or need a refresher to do interview prep for software engineering roles.

How to run this project #

You can get the code for this and all the other tutorials in this collection from this github repo. Here’s a screen capture of project in this repo in action.

Once you’ve cloned the repo, type ./gradlew run in order to build and run this project from the command line.

Importing this project into JetBrains IntelliJ IDEA #

  • This project was created using JetBrains Idea as a Gradle and Kotlin project (more info). - When you import this project into Idea as a Gradle project, make sure not to check “Offline work” (which if checked, won’t allow the gradle dependencies to be downloaded). - As of Jun 24 2018, Java 10 doesn’t work w/ this gradle distribution (v4.4.x), so you can use Java 9 or 8, or upgrade to a newer version of gradle (4.8+).

Binary Trees #

Node data structure # 

data class Node<T>(val value: T,
                   var leftNode: Node<T>?,
                   var rightNode: Node<T>?,
                   var depth: Int = 0) {
    fun link(left: Node<T>?, right: Node<T>?) = this.apply {
        linkLeft(left).linkRight(right)
    }

    fun linkLeft(left: Node<T>?) = this.apply { leftNode = left }

    fun linkRight(right: Node<T>?) = this.apply { rightNode = right }

    fun depth(value: Int) = this.apply { depth = value }

    /**
     * Nodes on the left are in yellow, and those on the right are blue.
     */
    override fun toString(): String {
        return StringBuffer().apply {
            append("{${value.toString().green()}")
            if (leftNode != null)
                append(", ${leftNode.toString().yellow()}")
            if (rightNode != null)
                append(", ${rightNode.toString().blue()}}")
        }.toString()
    }
}

Building the tree #

The tree shown in the diagram above is built in code as follows.

/**
 * [Image of the generated tree](http://tinyurl.com/yckmlfkt)
 *        [A]
 *       /   \
 *     [B]    [C]
 *     / \    /  \
 *  [D]  [E] [F] [G]
 *               / \
 *             [H] [I]
 */
fun buildTree(): Node<Char> {
    val a = Node('a', null, null)
    val b = Node('b', null, null)
    val c = Node('c', null, null)
    val d = Node('d', null, null)
    val e = Node('e', null, null)
    val f = Node('f', null, null)
    val g = Node('g', null, null)
    val h = Node('h', null, null)
    val i = Node('i', null, null)

    a.link(b, c)
    b.link(d, e)
    c.link(f, g)
    g.link(h, i)

    return a
}

Pre-order, in-order, and post-order recursive traversal # 

/**
 * A neat trick for pre-order traversals: starting from the root,
 * go around the tree counterclockwise. Print each node when you
 * pass its left side.
 */
fun <T> traversalPreOrder(node: Node<T>?, list: MutableList<T>) {
    if (node != null) {
        list.add(node.value)
        traversalPreOrder(node.leftNode, list)
        traversalPreOrder(node.rightNode, list)
    }
}

/**
 * A neat trick for in-order traversals: starting from the root,
 * go around the tree counterclockwise. Print each node when you
 * pass its bottom side.
 */
fun <T> traversalInOrder(node: Node<T>?, list: MutableList<T>) {
    if (node != null) {
        traversalInOrder(node.leftNode, list)
        list.add(node.value)
        traversalInOrder(node.rightNode, list)
    }
}

/**
 * A neat trick for post-order traversals: starting from the root,
 * go around the tree counterclockwise. Print each node when you
 * pass its right side.
 */
fun <T> traversalPostOrder(node: Node<T>?, list: MutableList<T>) {
    if (node != null) {
        traversalPostOrder(node.leftNode, list)
        traversalPostOrder(node.rightNode, list)
        list.add(node.value)
    }
}

BFS (breadth first search) using a Queue # 

/**
 * Traverses the binary tree nodes in a sorted order.
 */
fun <T> breadthFirstTraversal(root: Node<T>): MutableList<Node<T>> {
    val queue = LinkedList<Node<T>>()
    val traversalList = mutableListOf<Node<T>>()

    // Add first node.
    queue.add(root)

    // Use queue to create breadth first traversal.
    while (queue.isNotEmpty()) {
        val currentNode = queue.poll()
        val depth = currentNode.depth

        // Add left node first.
        if (currentNode.leftNode != null)
            queue.add(currentNode.leftNode!!.depth(depth + 1))

        // Add right node next.
        if (currentNode.rightNode != null)
            queue.add(currentNode.rightNode!!.depth(depth + 1))

        // Add the node to the traversal list.
        traversalList.add(currentNode)
    }

    return traversalList
}

Notes on the implementation #

  • BFS traversal of a binary tree results in a the nodes being visited in their sorted order.
  • The trick in the while loop is leveraging the FIFO nature of the queue and allow the traversal of the tree from left node to right node, which results in a breadth first traversal.
  • A depth field in the Node class is what keeps track of the number of branches from the root to this Node.
  • The Deque interface supports both Stack and Queue ADTs (abstract data types).
  • There is no need to track if a node is unvisited, or visited, as you would expected when traversing a graph, due to the nature of the binary tree.

BFS (pretty print) # 

/**
 * Traverses the binary tree nodes in a sorted order.
 */
fun <T> printBFSTraversal(root: Node<T>): String {

    val queue = LinkedList<Node<T>>()
    // Add first node.
    queue.add(root)

    val mapVisitedDepth = mutableMapOf<Int, MutableList<T>>()
    // Use queue to create breadth first traversal.
    while (queue.isNotEmpty()) {
        val currentNode = queue.poll()
        val depth = currentNode.depth

        // Add left node first.
        if (currentNode.leftNode != null)
            queue.add(currentNode.leftNode!!.depth(depth + 1))

        // Add right node next.
        if (currentNode.rightNode != null)
            queue.add(currentNode.rightNode!!.depth(depth + 1))

        // Decide whether to print crlf or not.
        mapVisitedDepth.computeIfAbsent(depth){ mutableListOf()}
            .add(currentNode.value)
    }

    val outputString = StringBuilder()

    for (entry in mapVisitedDepth) {
        outputString.append(entry.value.joinToString(", ", postfix = "\n"))
    }

    return outputString.toString()
}

Notes on implementation #

  • This is almost identical to the code above. The main difference here is that a mapVisitedDepth Map is used in order to keep track of the depth of each traversed node, which can then be used to pretty print the output where a CRLF is added at the start of each new depth.

DFS (depth first search) using a Stack # 

fun <T> depthFirstTraversal(root: Node<T>): MutableList<Node<T>> {
    val stack = LinkedList<Node<T>>()
    val traversalList = mutableListOf<Node<T>>()

    // Add first node.
    stack.push(root)

    // Use stack to create breadth first traversal.
    while (stack.isNotEmpty()) {
        val currentNode = stack.pop()
        val depth = currentNode.depth

        // Push right child to stack FIRST (so this will be processed LAST).
        if (currentNode.rightNode != null)
            stack.push(currentNode.rightNode!!.depth(depth + 1))

        // Push left child to stack LAST (so this will be processed FIRST).
        if (currentNode.leftNode != null)
            stack.push(currentNode.leftNode!!.depth(depth + 1))

        // Add to traversal list.
        traversalList.add(currentNode)
    }

    return traversalList
}

Notes on the implementation #

  • The trick in the while loop is to leverage the LIFO nature of stack, in order to push the children on the right on top of the stack first, before the children on the left. Since the algorithm pops these items off the top of the stack, whatever was pushed last will get processed sooner (that what was pushed first). And this is what results in a depth first search.
  • A depth field in the Node class is what keeps track of the number of branches from the root to this Node.
  • The Deque interface supports both Stack and Queue ADTs (abstract data types).

Console output from running the code #

Resources #

CS Fundamentals #

Data Structures #

Math #

Big-O Notation #

Kotlin #

Markdown utilities #

#cs #kt
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